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Amazon 真的退出中国市场? (豆瓣 CFA LEVEL1(特许金融分析师)小组)

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{"blocks":[{"key":"2m1ie","text":" ","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"av3fk","text":"4月17日中午,有自媒体发表文章称,Amazon 将在本周内宣布退出中国,今后 Amazon 在中国仅保留两块业务,一是 kindle ,二是跨境贸易,其他业务将全部裁撤。\n","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2es8q","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8cfl9","text":" ","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":0}],"data":{}},{"key":"76q34","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"69p99","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"41elj","text":"(图片来源于 Reuters)","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"epqf5","text":"4月18日中午,Amazon 官方明确表态:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ebril","text":"不会退出中国!","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":7,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f7rh7","text":"根据 Amazon 中国官网的介绍,目前 Amazon 中国主要包括四块核心战略业务:跨境电商、物流、Kindle 阅读、AWS 云服务。本次面临关闭裁撤的,仅仅是物流业务与核心战略之外的个人零售电商业务,其他业务均正常运作。Amazon 官方表示,公司将于2019年7月18日停止为 Amazon 中国网站上的第三方卖家提供卖家服务。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f195u","text":"进入中国15年,市场占有率一降再降","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":17,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eu7i0","text":"Amazon 市场份额不足1%","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":15,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a252p","text":"2004年,Amazon 以7500万美元收购了雷军的卓越网,正式进入中国市场。当时,阿里巴巴,京东还不具规模,中国电商也才刚刚起步而 Amazon 已经具有一定优势。Amazon 可以说是抢占了先机。\n\n\n2007 年,Amazon 和卓越网对接完成后,卓越网改名为卓越亚马逊,一路在中国市场扩张;\n\n\n2008 年,Amazon 在中国 B2C 市场的份额一度达到 15.4%;\n\n\n2011 年,再次升级为亚马逊中国,用了7年时间才抹掉卓越的痕迹;\n\n\n2016 年,亚马逊将在美国取得成功的 Prime 会员服务带到了中国。","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"daile","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"4nvif","text":" ","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":1}],"data":{}},{"key":"6vd3s","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bpnce","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"549bc","text":"(图片来源于网络)","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"16oik","text":"然而,随着跨境电商行业进入了快速增长期,国内竞争对手显然已后来居上:阿里巴巴、京东、拼多多,还有小红书……各路电商纷纷入场。而 Amazon 并没有发挥出先发优势,亚马逊中国市场份额一降再降,从08年的15.4%下降到12年的2.3%,再到15年的1.2%。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2c8fb","text":"根据易观统计的《2018年第4季度中国网络零售B2C市场交易份额》数据显示,天猫和京东加起来占据85.7% 的市场份额,亚马逊所占份额仅剩 0.6%。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6dts3","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"68rs3","text":" ","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":2}],"data":{}},{"key":"eqq0s","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"a9k58","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"j766","text":"(图片来源于《2018年第 4 季度中国网络零售 B2C 市场交易份额》)","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5r70","text":"在华折戟的不止 Amazon","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":14,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ej4ee","text":"其实,不止 Amazon 在中国水土不服,许多互联网科技巨头中国也是失败退场:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7l7ne","text":"2003年,eBay 将易趣剥离;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"f4ukv","text":"2005年,中国雅虎被阿里巴巴收购;\n","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"1sbli","text":"2009年,AOL 第二次撤离中国;\n","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fvj5n","text":"2010,Google退出中国大陆;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ba9hl","text":"2011年2月,百思买宣布退出中国;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bok5a","text":"2011年11月,MySpace 聚友网关闭网站;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"bjunr","text":"2012年4月,乐天关闭与百度合资成立的乐酷天商城;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dt7fq","text":"2014年3月,微软正式宣布关闭 MSN 软件;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"kfil","text":"2014年9月,Adobe 关闭中国研发分公司;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"18cum","text":"2016年8月1日,全球第一大移动打车应用 Uber 将其中国业务出售给滴滴出行;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"34t19","text":"……","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"b9i7i","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5qma5","text":" ","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":3}],"data":{}},{"key":"1hjr6","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ev9nn","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"7tmsv","text":"(图片来源网络)","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"eq7fj","text":"为什么Amazon等互联网巨头纷纷兵败中国","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":21,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"2t4sk","text":"进军中国市场太过温和","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":10,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"fapcm","text":"美国公司非常看重单一的全球化平台。有些决策可以维持全球化平台的统一性,但却可能失去本地市场份额。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"43nvv","text":"以 Amazon 为例,它花了3年时间整合卓越网,7年时间才完全抹掉卓越的痕迹可以看出,其管理手段相当温和佛系。这样的做法也延伸到了抢占市场份额上。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ce7r4","text":"进入中国之初,Amazon 试图尝试复制本土的成功路径。与其他电商铺天盖地的广告宣传不同,Amazon 并未做广告,而是通过搭建仓储、物流体系,建成了除美国本土以外世界上最大的运营网络。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"5sv4q","text":"2007年开始,资本涌入中国电商,京东拿到了今日资本一千万美元的投资;\n2008年,淘宝完成了近千亿美元的交易额,阿里巴巴的 B2B 业务在香港上市;\n13年,京东发起价格战,Amazon 并未参与。","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"crv4g","text":"之后的双十一、618,也未见 Amazon 的任何动作,Amazon 错过了很多机会,严重滞后于行业发展步伐。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"es3eg","text":"本土化不够充分","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":7,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8602u","text":"要在中国抓住机会,美国公司必须充分授权本地团队,让他们实现机动灵活、充分自制,从而融入当地、迎接挑战。然而,许多美国公司,不仅拒绝让本地团队自制,甚至还施加了额外的审查制度。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"59uu3","text":"Amazon 正是如此。亚马逊中国虽然有中国团队负责运营,但决策权却在美国。美国总部无法融入国内的本土文化,不能理解国内零售电商间的价格战,认为太疯狂,它始终坚持其全球战略,不给电商打广告,依然靠低价、服务、口碑获取用户。易观数据显示:","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ae9ta","text":"天猫在2018年双11的成交额达2135亿元,同比增长了26.9%;在天猫平台上的新品数量已经超过了5000万,相较2016年和2017年分别增长超过了1000%和300%;\n\n\n唯品会在去年的11月1日至11日期间,实现交易额102亿,同比增长了27%;\n\n\n而京东在全球好物节的11天里,累计下单金额为1598亿元,同比去年增长约25.7%;","type":"blockquote","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3q3u9","text":"显然,Amazon 错过了最佳发展机会。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"la4g","text":"Google 也是,决策权同样不在中国。无论政策、产品、数据中心布局、用户界面甚至首页涂鸦等问题,都需要先获得总部的审批,更不用说具体的人事招聘问题了。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"casek","text":"对手太狠","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":4,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3uoh2","text":"有网友戏称 Amazon 关闭个人零售电商业务,一定是被中国的 996 干趴下了。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"dipie","text":"虽是戏言,却不无道理。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"c5epu","text":"知名互联网评论人魏武辉曾总结,并不是 Amazon 在中国做得太差,而是中国互联网公司确实太强。一是有马云这样勤奋疯狂的创业者,另一个很重要的原因是中国本土创业者都是非常非常焦虑的。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"822f1","text":"正式这份焦虑或者说恐惧,让互联网公司之间的竞争异常激烈,拼多多仅用了3年时间就做到了市值2000亿,而 Amazon 3年才完成和卓越的对接。Amazon 这样的佛系管理方式,显然并不能适应。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"89ntv","text":"美国互联网企业还有机会吗?","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":13,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3lids","text":"那么,美国公司还有没有机会?不容易,但仍有可能。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"8mqna","text":"中国网络零售市场潜力巨大","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":12,"style":"BOLD"}],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"15lgs","text":"易观认为,未来,中国网络零售 B2C 市场将保持稳健增长,预计到2020年,中国网上零售 B2C 市场规模有望达到93433.9亿元;","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"3p3g8","text":"同时,随着中国消费者对高品质生活的追求,B2C模式凭借为消费者提供了更加美好的购物体验和服务保障,其在网上零售市场中的占比将进一步提升至64%。","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"6qf0n","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"46sp9","text":" ","type":"atomic","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[{"offset":0,"length":1,"key":4}],"data":{}},{"key":"4klll","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"ckbkv","text":"","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"20jr5","text":"(图片来源于易观《中国网上零售B2C市场年度综合分析2018》)","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}},{"key":"alnb","text":"那么,如何才能抢占网络零售市场呢?让我们拭目以待吧~","type":"unstyled","depth":0,"inlineStyleRanges":[],"entityRanges":[],"data":{}}],"entityMap":{"0":{"type":"IMAGE","mutability":"IMMUTABLE","data":{"src":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898232.jpg","width":500,"thumb":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/small/public/p172898232.jpg","file_size":31941,"url":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898232.jpg","file_name":"640?wx_fmt=jpeg","is_animated":false,"id":"172898232","height":349,"entityKey":"6"}},"1":{"type":"IMAGE","mutability":"IMMUTABLE","data":{"src":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898233.jpg","width":500,"thumb":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/small/public/p172898233.jpg","file_size":55283,"url":"https://img3.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898233.jpg","file_name":"640?wx_fmt=jpeg","is_animated":false,"id":"172898233","height":372,"entityKey":"7"}},"2":{"type":"IMAGE","mutability":"IMMUTABLE","data":{"src":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898237.jpg","width":500,"thumb":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/small/public/p172898237.jpg","file_size":32353,"url":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898237.jpg","file_name":"640?wx_fmt=jpeg","is_animated":false,"id":"172898237","height":379,"entityKey":"8"}},"3":{"type":"IMAGE","mutability":"IMMUTABLE","data":{"src":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898238.jpg","width":500,"thumb":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/small/public/p172898238.jpg","file_size":44554,"url":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898238.jpg","file_name":"640?wx_fmt=jpeg","is_animated":false,"id":"172898238","height":375,"entityKey":"9"}},"4":{"type":"IMAGE","mutability":"IMMUTABLE","data":{"src":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898239.jpg","width":500,"thumb":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/small/public/p172898239.jpg","file_size":90114,"url":"https://img1.doubanio.com/view/group_topic/l/public/p172898239.jpg","file_name":"640?wx_fmt=png","is_animated":false,"id":"172898239","height":205,"entityKey":"10"}}}}

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